In this short exposure time, the already low velocities have been reduced by 16.2% and 14.7%.
This statement can be made because of the data of three different measurement investigations within the last 12 years. Both sculptures are made of Carrara marble, both sculptures have been exposed to the same environmental influences and both sculptures are, based on the results of the ultrasonic measurements, in alarming conditions. The results show that the material of the columns is in reasonable condition, with the exception of a surface area 6 cm to 15 cm deep that we estimate has been weathered for 2000 years, and that has been particularly affected by pollution in the last century.Īfter almost 200 years of exposure, the monuments of General Scharnhorst and Bülow have been analysed by means of ultrasound.
anisotropy, depth of the weathering, fractures and small cracks. The correlation between the methods highlighted the characteristics of the marble, i.e. The results of the isotropic and anisotropic models were compared. The conjugate-gradient algorithm was used to invert the data. Two velocity fields corresponding to the main directions of the anisotropy were measured and anomalies such as cracks and fractures were noted. Assuming an elliptical model, the main directions of anisotropy were detected. The comparison between the results of the refraction study and the 2D and 3D isotropic tomographic analyses suggested anisotropic characteristics for the marble, and this prompted us to perform a further tomographic experiment, taking into account these characteristics of the material. We applied seismic refraction using traditional interpretation, and seismic transmission tomography. This paper describes the results of using geophysical techniques to investigate three columns of the Pronaos of the Antonino and Faustina temple (AD 141) in Rome, Italy the columns are of cipollino marble which shows alternate sequences of mica and calcite beds.
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